The 4th International Laboratory for the History of Science
Art, Science and Techniques of Drafting in the Renaissance
24 May - 1 June 2001
Florence and Vinci, Italy

Organized by Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza


Alberti's De pictura: geometry and practice

Brunelleschi's demonstrations and the diffusion of the new drawing method among the period's most important artists induced Leon Battista Alberti to compose the first treatise on perspective, De pictura. The booklet was initially written in Latin (1435) for a public of humanists, then in Italian (1436) in order to render the new drawing method accessible to artists; this last version was significantly dedicated to Filippo Brunelleschi. Here, Alberti introduced the concept of the picture plane as a window on which we observe a scene lying beyond it, and thus laid the geometrical foundations of linear perspective. His perspective method, which he called the "modo optimo", was conceived to facilitate painters' practical application of Brunelleschi's "costruzione legittima". Its novelty rested in the possibility of determining through geometry the diminution of the intervals between lines parallel to the ground line and correlating it to the distance of observation. The procedure described in the second book (paragraph 33) that provides guidelines on how to draw buildings allows us to identify Euclid's Optics as Alberti's principal source, with special regard to the methods of measuring by sight, which Alberti would later describe in Ludi rerum mathematicarum.

Selected bibiography:
E. Panofsky, Die Perspektive als 'symbolischeForm' , Berlin, Vorträge der Bibliothek Warburg (1924-25), 1927 (edited in Italian by G. Neri and M. Dalai as La prospettiva come 'forma simbolica', Milan, 1966).
C. Grayson, L.B. Alberti's 'costruzione legittima', in "Italian Studies", 19, 1964, pp. 14-27.
Samuel Y. Edgerton, Jr., Alberti's perspective: a new discovery and a new evaluation, in "The Art Bulletin", 48, 1966, 3-4, pp. 367-378.
Nicholas Pastore and Edward Rosen, Alberti and the Camera Obscura, in "Physis", XXVI, 1984, pp. 259-269.
C.D. Brownson, Euclid's Optics and its Compatibility with Linear Perspective, in "Archive for History of Exact Sciences", 24, 1981, 3, pp. 165-194.
Pietro Roccasecca, "Tra Paolo Uccello e la cerchia sangallesca: la costruzione prospettica nei disegni di mazzocchio conservati al Louvre e agli Uffizi", in La prospettiva. Fondamenti teorici ed esperienze figurative dall'antichità al mondo moderno. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi. Istituto Svizzero di Roma (Roma, 11-14 settembre 1995), Florence, 1998, pp. 133-144.
J.V. Field, The Invention of Infinity: Mathematics and Art in the Renaissance, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 25-42.
Dominique Raynaud, L'hypothèse d'Oxford. Essai sur les origines de la perspective, Paris, PUF, 1998, pp. 121-132.